{"id":173712,"date":"2022-06-29T10:18:41","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T17:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/?p=173712"},"modified":"2022-06-29T10:21:20","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T17:21:20","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%8b%88%e1%88%8d%e1%89%83%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%b5-%e1%8c%a0%e1%8c%88%e1%8b%b4-%e1%8a%a5%e1%8a%93-%e1%8c%a0%e1%88%88%e1%88%9d%e1%89%b5-%e1%8a%a5%e1%8b%8d%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b3%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/archives\/173712","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4 \u12a5\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1273\u12ce\u127d  (\u12a8\u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1363 \u12a8\u1205\u130d \u12a5\u1293 \u12a8\u1235\u1290 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u121d\u1205\u1295\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u133b\u122d)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173717 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"607\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit-1.jpg 607w, https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit-1-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit-1-480x271.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" title=\"\"><\/strong><strong>\u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u1273\u12f0\u1230 \u1260\u1208\u12ed <\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1325\u1293\u1273\u12ca \u133d<\/strong><strong>\u1211<\/strong><strong>\u134d<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u1225\u1290<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>&#8211;<\/b><\/strong><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12d8\u12f4<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12ed\u1205 \u1325\u1293\u1273\u12ca \u133d\u1201\u134d \u1260\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1230\u1265\u1230\u1262\u12eb \u1235\u1290 \u12d8\u12f4\u1290\u1275 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u12cb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u133d\u1201\u134e\u127d\u1295\u1363\u00a0 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u1363\u00a0 \u12a0\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u1240\u134d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1205\u130e\u127d\u1295\u1363 \u1325\u1293\u1273\u12ca \u133d\u1201\u134e\u127d\u1295\u1363 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134e\u127d\u1295\u1363 \u1218\u133d\u1204\u1276\u127d\u1295\u1363\u00a0 \u12e8\u1230\u1265\u12d3\u12ca \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u1325\u1230\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271 \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1230\u1290\u12f6\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1325\u120d\u1240\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u12f3\u1230\u1235 \u1260\u1218\u1218\u122d\u1218\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1270\u1295\u1270\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u12a8\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1301 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u12cb\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1235\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u1260\u121d\u1295\u132d\u1363 \u1260\u121b\u1323\u1240\u123b\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12cb\u1262 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d\u1275 \u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d \u1270\u1308\u1262\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u12cd\u1245\u1293 \u1230\u1325\u1277\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u12f3<\/strong><strong>\u122b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4 \u1218\u120d\u12a8\u12d3 \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1260\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc\u00a0(\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b)\u1363 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u1235\u121c\u1295 \u12a0\u122d\u121b\u132d\u1206\u1363\u00a0\u1260\u121d\u1235\u122b\u1245 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd\u00a0(\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed)\u1363 \u1260\u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u121e\u00a0\u12a8\u1231\u12f3\u1295\u00a0\u130b\u122d \u12ed\u12cb\u1230\u1293\u120d\u1362\u00a0\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u00a0\u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u1260\u12cd\u120d \u1260\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1293 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u1200\u1308\u122d\u1363 \u1235\u121c\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u1308\u122b \u12a0\u12cd\u122b\u1303 \u1232\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1246\u12ed\u1277\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d (\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d) \u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u1235\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12a0\u12eb\u120c \u12e8\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361\u00a0\u12a81983 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1325\u1245\u121d\u1275\/2013 \u12d3.\u121d. \u12e8\u12c8\u12eb\u1294 \u1283\u12ed\u120d \u1240\u1320\u1293\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u130d\u12f3\u1305 \u12ed\u12de \u12c8\u12f0\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12ad\u120d\u120d \u1260\u121b\u1320\u1243\u1208\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12ee \u130d\u134d\u1363 \u1260\u12f0\u120d\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u1290-\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u121d\u1205\u1295\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u1240\u134d \u12c8\u1295\u1300\u120e\u127d \u12a5\u12e8\u1348\u1338\u1218 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u1228\u12cd \u1246\u12ed\u1277\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u12c8\u12eb\u1294 \u1283\u12ed\u120d \u1325\u1245\u121d\u1275 24\/2013 \u12d3.\u121d.\u00a0\u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295\u00a0\u12d5\u12dd\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1325\u1243\u1275 \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1270\u12cd \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122d \u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u12eb \u1230\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u12e8\u1338\u1325\u1273 \u1283\u12ed\u120e\u127d \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1209\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u12cb\u12d5\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u133b \u120a\u12c8\u1323 \u127d\u120f\u120d\u1362 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd \u12e8\u130d\u12d9\u134d \u12e8\u12a5\u122d\u123b \u120d\u121b\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120d \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e\u1363 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1204\u122d \u1265\u1204\u1228\u1230\u1266\u127d\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1229\u1260\u1275\u00a0\u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1362\u00a0\u12de\u1291 \u12c8\u134d\u00a0\u12a0\u122d\u130d\u134d\u1363\u00a0\u1243\u1265\u1275\u12eb\u1363\u00a0\u1263\u12d5\u12a8\u122d\u1363\u00a0\u12c8\u12ed\u1293\u1275\u1363 \u121b\u12ed\u12ab\u12f5\u122b\u1363\u00a0\u12f3\u1295\u123b\u1363\u00a0\u12a0\u12cd\u122b\u1363\u00a0\u121b\u12ad\u1230\u129e \u1308\u1260\u12eb\u1363\u00a0\u1246\u122b\u122a\u1275\u1293 \u1264\u1275 \u121e\u120e\u00a0\u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1299 \u12a8\u1270\u121e\u127d\u1295\u121d \u1260\u1218\u12eb\u12dd\u00a0\u1260 4 \u12e8\u1308\u1320\u122d \u12c8\u1228\u12f3\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u1260 5 \u12e8\u12a8\u1270\u121b \u1218\u1235\u1270\u12f0\u12f5\u122d \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1228 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1230\u134a \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1362<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122b\u12ca<\/strong><strong>\u1273\u122a\u12ad<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1363 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 (\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d) \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a8\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d (\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u00a0\u12d0\u121b\u122b)\u00a0\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1290\u1320\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u130b\u1218\u12f0 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u1205\u130d \u1218\u1218\u12d8\u129b \u1218\u1235\u1348\u122d\u1276\u127d \u121b\u1208\u1275\u121d \u1308\u1208\u120d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u1270\u12d3\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1273 \u12ed\u12de\u1273 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u130d\u1263\u1265\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12cd\u132d \u1338\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12a0\u1233\u123e\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1235\u1273\u1275 \u1246\u1295\u1235\u120e\u127d \u12f2\u1355\u120e\u121b\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1200\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1230\u1263\u12aa\u12ce\u127d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12dc\u1293 \u1218\u12cb\u12d5\u120d\u00a0\u1338\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1983 \u12d3.\u121d.\u00a0\u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12eb\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u12da\u1205 \u133d\u1201\u134d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1243\u120d \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1295\u1308\u1228\u1265 \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1270\u122b\u122b \u1270\u134b\u1230\u1235 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d\u1295 (\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1363 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275\u1363 \u00a0\u12a5\u1293 \u1230\u1272\u1275 \u1201\u1218\u122b) \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u120e \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u12ad\u120d \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a0\u120b\u121b\u12cd \u12e8\u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12f5\u130d\u130d\u121e\u123d\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1235\u1240\u1228\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u130d\u1295\u12db\u1264 \u12ed\u12c8\u1230\u12f5\u1362<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d<\/strong><strong>\u1225<\/strong><strong>\u1275<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u12e8\u12ab\u122d\u120d \u1260\u1270\u122d \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12ab\u122d\u120d\u00a0\u1260\u1270\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u1300\u122d\u1218\u1295 \u121d\u1201\u122d \u1260\u12a0\u122d\u12ad\u12ee\u120e\u1305 \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1270 \u201cThe rise and fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological interpretation\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1235\u122b\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u130d\u12db\u1275\u1295\u00a0\u00a0\u12e8\u123d\u122c \u12a0\u121d\u1263 \u12e8\u1218\u1228\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u1270\u134b\u1230\u1236\u127d \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1305\u12a6 \u12a0\u122d\u12ad\u12ee\u120e\u1305 \u1325\u1293\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u1308\u120d\u133f\u120d\u1362 \u201cThe Axum country side forms part of the plateau of Shire (Troll 1970), a rolling upland at 2,100 &#8211; 2,400 m elevation, rising 500 m or so above the rugged valley system of the <strong>Mareb<\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>Tekeze<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>rivers<\/strong>.\u201d Karl\u00a0W. Butzer, p.471-495<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u12e8\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134e\u127d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u1240\u12f0\u121d\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u133d\u1201\u134d \u12a8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u1229 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u12e8\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1293 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u1363 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u1363 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1308\u1320\u121f\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u12cd\u12f0 \u12cd\u130a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134d \u12e8\u1218\u12a8\u1270\u1265 \u120d\u121d\u121d\u12f5 \u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u12eb\u12dd \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12e8\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275\u00a0\u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134d \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e8 \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1263\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u12ad\u12ee\u120e\u127d \u12a0\u1325\u129d\u12ce\u127d \u1270\u1270\u122d\u1309\u1218\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1349\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275\u1362<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>1.\u12e8\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u12a0\u133c \u12a2\u12db\u1293 \u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134d \u201c\u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u12f5 \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u1233\u12ed\u1308\u1325\u121d \u1308\u1260\u1228\u120d\u129d\u201d \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1362 (\u12e9\u122a \u12a4\u121d \u12ac \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d)<\/li>\n<li>2.\u12e8\u12a0\u133c \u12ab\u120c\u1265 \u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134d \u201c\u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc\u1295 \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12a8\u1270\u123b\u1308\u122d\u1201 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u12f5\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1308\u1260\u122d\u1201\u201d \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1362 (\u12ae\u1235\u121e\u1235 517 \u12a5\u12a4\u12a0)<\/li>\n<li>\u12e8\u12a0\u133c \u1210\u133b\u1292 \u12f3\u1295\u12a4\u120d \u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134d \u201c\u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u1210\u1235\u120b\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12c8\u1325\u1270\u12cd \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u1235\u120b\u1320\u1349 \u1270\u12cb\u130d\u1278 \u1218\u1208\u1235\u12b3\u1278\u12cd 10\u123d\u1205 \u1260\u130d \u12a5\u1293 3\u123d\u1205 \u134d\u12e8\u120d \u12d8\u122d\u134c\u12eb\u1278\u12cd \u1230\u12ce\u127c\u121d \u12a0\u1308\u1229\u1295 \u12d8\u122d\u1348\u12cd\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u1270\u1218\u1208\u1235\u1295\u1362\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a8\u1275\u1267\u120d\u1362 (\u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d \u120a\u1275\u121b\u1295\u1363 \u1300\u122d\u1218\u1295 1903)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271\u1275 \u12e8\u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u133d\u1201\u134e\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u12db\u12dd \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1276\u127d (\u1308\u12e5\u12ce\u127d)\u00a0\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u12eb\u120b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295\u1363 \u12ed\u120d\u1241\u1295\u121d\u00a0\u1260\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1232\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d\u00a0\u1260\u121b\u12eb\u1320\u122b\u1325\u122d \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275<\/strong><strong>\u1364<\/strong><strong>\u1260\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1235\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u12a81150 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1270 \u1260\u1246\u12e8\u12cd \u12e8\u12db\u1309\u12e8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1293 \u1260\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1208\u12da\u1205\u121d \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303\u12cd \u12e8\u1295\u1309\u1235 \u1290\u12a0\u12a9\u1276 \u1208\u12a0\u1265 \u1308\u12f0\u120d\u1293 \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1293\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235\u00a0\u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a5\u120d\u134d\u12ee\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1295 \u201c\u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u1260\u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1229 \u12e8\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u1295\u1309\u1225\u00a0\u12a0\u1295\u1308\u1265\u122d\u121d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u1218\u1343\u1278\u12cd \u1295\u1309\u1221\u00a0\u1260\u1340\u120e\u1275 \u1240\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1362\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12d8\u130d\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u1325\u1295\u1271 \u1260\u130c \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1235\u122d \u12ed\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1200\u122a\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u1300\u122d\u1218\u1295 \u121d\u1201\u122d\u00a0\u201cThe Highlands of Aethiopia\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12e8\u1230\u1320\u12cd\u1295 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u201c\u12a8\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1235\u122d\u12ce \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1218\u12cd\u12f0\u1245 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u1232\u120d \u12a8\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1308\u12f1 \u12e8\u1230\u1208\u121e\u1295 \u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1306\u127d \u12c8\u12f0 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u12eb \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u1232\u12cd\u120d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u130d\u12d5\u12dd \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1219\u1209 \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u1260\u1218\u1270\u12ab\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u1228\u129b \u12e8\u1264\u1270\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1290\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u123d\u12cb\u1295 \u132d\u121d\u122e \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1263\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u1296\u1229 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1363 \u12e8\u130e\u1303\u121d \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u120e \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1260\u120b\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1262\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1262\u1232\u1292\u12eb \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d \u1265\u1204\u122b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1208\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u127d\u120f\u120d\u1362\u201d (Harris, \u201cThe Highlands of Aethiopia: In Three Volumes, Volume 3\u201d 1843,)\u00a0\u12e8\u121a\u120d \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1240\u1320\u1293 \u1260\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u1230\u1208\u121e\u1293\u12ca \u1235\u122d\u12ce<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>&#8211;<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d <\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u122b\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u00a0\u1260\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u1295\u1261\u1228-\u12d5\u12f5 \u12e8\u1270\u1343\u1348\u12cd \u2039\u2039\u1218\u1345\u1210\u134d \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d\u203a\u203a \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1308\u12e5\u00a0\u122b\u1235 \u1235\u1201\u120d \u121a\u12ab\u12a4\u120d \u1208\u1300\u121d\u1235 \u1265\u1229\u12ad \u12eb\u1260\u1228\u12a8\u1271\u1275 \u1260\u1300\u121d\u1235 \u1265\u1229\u1235\u1293 \u12a0\u122d\u1296\u120d \u12f2\u12a0\u1263\u12f2 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u12f0\u12cd \u12f6\u12ad\u1218\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1308\u1208\u1340\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u12eb\u1295 \u130d\u12dc \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1235\u122d \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u12ad\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u12cb\u1240\u1229\u1275 12\u1271 \u1320\u1245\u120b\u12ed \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u121b\u1208\u1275\u121d\u1364 \u1270\u1295\u1264\u1295\u1363 \u123d\u122c\u1363 \u12a0\u130b\u121c\u1363\u00a0\u1200\u121b\u1234\u1295\u1363 \u1261\u122d\u1363 \u1233\u121b\u1363 \u1235\u122d\u12d0\u12ed\u1363 \u12a0\u121d\u1263 \u1230\u1293\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1308\u122b\u120d\u1273 \u12a5\u1293 \u1233\u1205\u122b\u1275 \u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4 \u1206\u1290 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u1270\u12ab\u1275\u1270\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u1308\u1299\u121d\u1362 (Carlo Conti Rossini. Liber Axumae. Book of Axum)\u00a0\u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u133c \u12d8\u122d\u12d3 \u12eb\u1246\u1265 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u126014\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u12eb\u123b\u121b \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12e815\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1235\u1260\u12ad \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1321 \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u120d\u12ae \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12c8\u1245\u1271 \u12e8\u1230\u1348\u1229\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1240\u1320\u1293\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1275\u1275 \u12e8\u126a\u12ad\u1276\u122d \u1348\u122d\u1293\u1295\u12f4\u12dd \u201cEnlivening the dying ruins: history and archaeology of the Jesuit Missions in Ethiopia, 1557\u20131632\u00a0\u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u122d\u12ad\u12ee\u120e\u1305\u1295 \u12a0\u1323\u121d\u122e \u12e8\u12eb\u12d8 \u1260\u1325\u1293\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1270 \u12ab\u122d\u1273 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263\u00a0(\u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275)\u00a0\u12a8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12cd\u132d \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u130d\u120d\u133d \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u126015<sup>\u129b\u12cd<\/sup>\u00a0\u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1356\u122d\u1271\u130b\u120d \u1326\u122d \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12ad\u122a\u1235\u1273\u126e \u12f0\u130b\u121b \u1218\u122a\u1290\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1321 \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 <strong><b>\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u122c\u1235 \u12f2 \u12a0\u126c\u12ed\u12f6\u1363 \u134d\u122b\u1295\u1232\u1235\u12ae \u12a0\u120d\u1263\u122c\u12dd\u1363 \u1354\u12f5\u122e \u1352\u12eb\u12dd <\/b><\/strong>\u12a5\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1260\u1230\u1321\u1275 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u00a0(\u12d0\u121b\u122b)\u00a0\u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u130d\u1323\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u1208\u12a0\u1265\u1290\u1275 \u134d\u122b\u1295\u1232\u1235\u12ae \u12a0\u120d\u1263\u122c\u12dd \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1356\u122a\u1271\u130b\u120b\u12ca \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u1230\u1263\u12aa \u1244\u1235\u00a0\u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1260\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1275\u130d\u122c\u1293 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u12087 \u12d3\u1218\u1275 1520-1527 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1246\u12e9 \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1243\u120d\u1361\u1361\u00a0\u12a0\u120d\u1263\u122c\u12dd \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u1260\u1275 \u12cb\u1293\u12cd \u1270\u120d\u12ae \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u12f5\u1265\u1245 \u1208\u1218\u1235\u1263\u12ad \u1262\u1206\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u120d\u12ad\u12d3 \u121d\u12f5\u122b\u12ca \u1201\u1294\u1273\u1364 \u12e8\u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d\u1293 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12a0\u1230\u134b\u1348\u122d\u1295 \u1260\u1309\u12de \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12cb\u123b\u12cd \u12a8\u1275\u1267\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1232\u1308\u120d\u133d \u2039\u2039\u1264\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12a8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1275\u120d\u1241 \u1290\u12cd\u203a\u203a \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1264\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1260\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b\u1293\u00a0\u12e8\u1264\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a8\u130e\u1303\u121d \u1240\u1325\u120e \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1263\u1205\u122d \u1290\u130b\u123d (\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b) \u12f5\u1228\u1235 3.2 \u121b\u12ed\u120d \u122d\u1240\u1275 \u12ed\u12d8\u120d\u1243\u120d\u203a\u203a \u1232\u120d \u1308\u120d\u1346\u1273\u120d:: (Francisco Alvarze, Narratives f the Portugues Embassy to Abysnnia during the years 1520-1527, Portugal: Haklutee Society, 1881), p. 351)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275<\/strong><strong>\u1320\u1308\u12f4<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0<\/strong><strong>\u122d<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u12d8\u1218\u1295<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(<\/strong><strong>Gonderian Period<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u12e8\u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u1245\u122d\u1235 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1235\u120d\u1323\u1294 \u1260\u1270\u1320\u1290\u1230\u1230\u1260\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273 \u1260\u121a\u12a8\u12c8\u1295\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u12a0\u133c \u1260\u12ab\u134b \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u130b\u12cd \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 (\u12c8\u134d \u12a0\u122d\u130d\u134d) \u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1305 \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u12f0\u1303\u12dd\u121b\u127d \u12a0\u12eb\u1293\u12dd\u130a \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209 \u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1263\u120b\u1263\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u133c \u1260\u12ab\u134b \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1295\u1309\u1221\u00a0\u12eb\u1308\u1299\u1275\u1295 \u12f5\u130b\u134d \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12e8\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1240\u1320\u1293\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u1229\u1260\u1275 \u1264\u1270-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1363 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u2039\u2039\u1264\u1275\u00a0\u1219\u1209\u203a\u203a\u00a0\u1260\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1266\u1273 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u00a0\u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122d \u1325\u1260\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u121d\u1205\u1295\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u1218\u1308\u1295\u1263\u1275 \u127d\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u2039\u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u203a\u00a0\u1270\u1265\u120e \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1208\u1338\u12cd \u1260\u1230\u120e\u121e\u1293\u12ca \u1235\u122d\u12ce \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u1229 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275\u1363\u00a0\u12a0\u12eb\u1270-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275\u1295 \u1232\u1308\u1290\u1261 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1270\u12c8\u1235\u1290\u12cd \u1235\u1208\u1290\u1260\u122d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u12eb\u1295 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1260\u121b\u12eb\u1320\u122b\u1325 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u121d\u1235\u120d 1\u1366 \u126a\u12ad\u1276\u122d \u1348\u122d\u1293\u1295\u12f4\u12dd \u12e815<sup>\u129b\u12ca<\/sup> \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1230\u1348\u1229\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121b\u1229\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12ed \u12ab\u122d\u1273 (\u201cEnlivening the dying ruins: history and archaeology of the Jesuit Missions in Ethiopia, 1557\u20131632\u00a0P-28)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173713 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit11.png 402w, https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit11-211x300.png 211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u121d\u1235\u120d 2\u1366 <strong>\u12f0\u1303\u12dd\u121b\u127d \u12a0\u12eb\u1293\u12dd\u130a \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u1260\u12a0\u133c \u1260\u12ab\u134b \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12eb\u1230\u1229\u1275 \u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173714 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit2.png 415w, https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit2-300x218.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" title=\"\"><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12e8\u1300\u121d\u1235 \u1265\u1229\u1235 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122a\u12eb\u1295 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u1235\u12ae\u1275\u120b\u1295\u12f3\u12ca\u00a0\u1270\u1313\u12e5 \u1300\u121d\u1235 \u1265\u1229\u1235 (James Brues) \u12e8\u12d3\u1263\u12ed\u00a0\u12c8\u1295\u12dd\u1295 \u1218\u1290\u123b \u1208\u121b\u1230\u1235 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u1246\u12e8\u1260\u1275\u00a0\u130a\u12dc \u1260\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u1260\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u201ctravels to discover the source of Nile\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298\u12cd \u1235\u122b\u12cd\u00a0\u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1295 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1308\u120d\u1346\u1273\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cTigre is bounded by the territory of the Bahire Negash (Eritrea) that is by the River Mereb on the East and Tekezze up on the west. It is about one hundred and twenty miles broad from east to west and two hundred from north to south\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1270\u12db\u121b\u1305 <\/strong><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309<\/strong><strong>\u121d\u1361-<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed<\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1260\u1263\u1205\u1228\u1290\u130b\u123d \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1260\u1260 \u1232\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u121d\u1235\u122b\u1245 \u1218\u1228\u1265 \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12eb\u12cb\u1235\u1290\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u12a8\u121d\u1235\u122b\u1245 \u12c8\u12f0 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1218\u1276 \u1203\u12eb \u121b\u12ed\u120d \u1232\u12eb\u12ab\u120d\u120d\u1363 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e 2 \u1218\u1276 \u121b\u12ed\u120d \u1290\u12cd\u1362<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u1300\u121d\u1235 \u1265\u1229\u1235 \u1260\u12da\u1201 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u120b\u12ed \u201cTekezze is the natural boundary between Tigre and Amhara\u201d Travells to.\u00a0\u2039\u2039\u1270\u12a8\u12dc\u00a0\u12e8 \u12d0\u121b\u122b \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1325\u122e \u12f5\u1295\u1260\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1362\u203a\u203a (V.3, P. 582) \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1245\u120d\u1265\u132d \u12eb\u1208 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1230\u1325\u1277\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>3.5. <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0\u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12e9 \u1218\u1235\u134d\u1295 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u1229\u1295 \u1295\u1309\u1235 \u12d0\u1344 \u12d5\u12ee\u1203\u1235\u1295 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1264\u1270\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u00a0\u12ab\u1235\u1308\u12f0\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u1323\u1294\u00a0\u12d8\u1218\u1295\u00a0\u1260\u121b\u12ad\u1270\u121d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u121a\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u12f3\u12a8\u1218\u1260\u1275 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1218\u120d\u12a9 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u12e8\u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd \u1308\u12e5 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1276\u127d \u1283\u12ed\u120d \u12e8\u1308\u1290\u1290\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1290-\u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u12a5.\u12a4.\u12a0 (1769 -1855) \u1270\u1348\u1325\u122f\u120d\u1361\u1361\u00a0(\u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d \u1263\u1205\u1229 \u12d8\u12cd\u12f4 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad)<\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u1263\u121d\u1265\u120e \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u00a0<strong><b>(\u1263\u121d\u1265\u120e \u1260\u1218\u1208\u1235 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u1260\u1348\u1230\u1235)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>\u1235\u121c\u1291 \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1208\u1228\u1305\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1263\u120b\u1263\u1276\u127d \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u1308\u1265\u122c \u1260\u120d\u1303\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u1260\u120d\u1305 \u120d\u1303\u1278\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u1208\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d\u1293 \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u12cd\u1264 \u12ed\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u12a0\u133c \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u133b\u1349 \u1236\u1235\u1271 \u1338\u1283\u134a\u12ce\u127d (\u12a0\u1208\u1243\/\u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12d8\u1290\u1260\u1364 \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u12c8\/\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d\u1293 \u1235\u1219 \u12eb\u120d\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u00a0\u133d\u1200\u134a)\u00a0\u12a8\u1275\u1260\u12cd\u1275 \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1260\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u122b\u1235\u00a0\u12cd\u1264 \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1308\u12e5 \u1235\u1208\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1260\u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1276\u127d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1232\u12f3\u12a8\u121d \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295\u1295 \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12e8\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a8\u130d\u1265\u133d \u12a5\u1293 \u1231\u12f3\u1295 \u1232\u1230\u1290\u12d8\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u1325\u1243\u1275 \u1218\u12ad\u1270\u12cd \u1240\u1320\u1293\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u12a8\u1265\u1228\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a Seben Rubnson \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1338\u1210\u134a \u201cThe Survival Of Ethiopian \u00a0Independence\u201c (September, 2003) \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u1260\u1308\u133d\u00a0218\u00a0\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121d\u1235\u120d \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12e8\u1273\u12eb\u12eb\u12d8\u12cd\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1275\u1295 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12ed \u12ab\u122d\u1273 \u12a0\u1235\u134d\u122e \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u1298\u12cb\u1208\u1295\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275\u00a0\u1260\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1235\u122d \u12ed\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u1260\u121b\u12eb\u123b\u121b \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u121d\u1235\u120d 3\u1366 \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12ed \u12ab\u122d\u1273 (Seben Rubnson, \u201cthe survival of Ethiopian \u00a0independence\u201c\u00a01991 kuraz, page 218)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173715 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit3.jpg 400w, https:\/\/amharic-zehabesha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/welkeit3-233x300.jpg 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>3<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.6. <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u12e8\u1246\u1295\u1235\u120d<\/strong><strong>\u1355\u120b\u12cd\u12f5\u1295<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1295 \u12c8\u12ad\u120e \u12a8\u122b\u1235 \u12a0\u120a \u1275\u1295\u1239 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u1235\u121d\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u12a8\u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1283\u120b \u12a0\u133c \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u12cb\u1200\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u1245\u1235\u1243\u1234 \u1260\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12c8\u12f3\u1305 \u1206\u1296 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d5\u1208\u1270 \u121e\u1271 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1296\u1228\u12cd \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca\u00a0\u1355\u120b\u12cd\u12f5\u1295 \u201cTravels in Abyssinia [\u2026] With an Account of a Mission to Ras Ali in 1848\u201d\u00a0\u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1295 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u1308\u120d\u133e\u1273\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u2026 The region of Tigray consisted of all Christian regions north of the Tekeze River. i.e. Hamasen, Saraye, Akale guzay, Agame, Tigray proper, Shire, Adiabo, Temben, Inderta, and Silalo. [\u2026] the river Tekeze is the line separating the Tigray province and Gondar\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d\u1361-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u1260\u1235\u1270 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12eb\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u1200\u121b\u1234\u1295\u1363 \u1230\u122d\u12d3\u12ed\u1363 \u12a0\u12ab\u1208 \u1309\u12db\u12ed\u1363 \u12a0\u130b\u121c\u1363 \u1218\u12f0\u1260\u129b\u12cd \u1275\u130d\u122c\u1363 \u123d\u122c \u12a0\u12f2\u12a0\u1266\u1363 \u1270\u1295\u1264\u1295\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1273 \u12a5\u1293 \u1235\u120b\u120e\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1299 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1240\u1320\u1293\u12c8\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u12eb\u12d8 \u1232\u1206\u1295\u1364 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12ed \u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1362\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u12e8\u121a\u120d \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1230\u1325\u1276 \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12a8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12cd\u132d \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1325\u122e \u12f0\u1295\u1260\u122d \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u130d\u1323\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12e8\u1200\u122d\u1219\u12dd \u122b\u1234\u121d \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1200\u122d\u1219\u12dd \u122b\u1233\u121d (Hormuzd <em><i>Rassam<\/i><\/em><em><i>) <\/i><\/em>\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1260\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u1326\u122d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1218\u1323 \u12f2\u1355\u120e\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u120d\u12d5\u12ae \u1260\u1270\u1228\u12a8\u1260\u1275 \u1218\u1345\u1200\u134d \u00abNarrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia\u00bb. \u00a0\u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u12f0\u121e \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u134d\u122f\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cI take this opportunity of remarking that the term \u201cAmhara,\u201d as now used by the Abyssinians, in an ethno-logical sense, designates the inhabitants of the country lying west of the Takkaze, and also south of that river, as far as the province of Gojjam.<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d\u1361-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a \u00a0\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1208\u1218\u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u121c\u1260\u1273\u1208\u1201 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u1262\u1232\u1292\u12eb\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1263\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1241 \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u1260\u1235\u1270 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1235\u1270 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u130e\u1303\u121d \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u1200\u1308\u122d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1229\u1275 \u1260\u1295\u1295\u1345\u122b\u12ca \u12e8\u1230\u12cd \u12d8\u122e\u127d \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u12e8 \u12d0\u121b\u122b \u1205\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12e8\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u00a0\u12d0\u121b\u122b\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u12eb\u1320\u122b\u1325\u122d \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12e8\u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u130e\u1263\u120d\u1270 \u12a5\u1293 \u122e\u1260\u122d \u1262\u12ed\u122d\u12f5 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u130e\u1263\u120d\u1270 \u12a5\u1293 \u122e\u1260\u122d \u1262\u12ed\u122d\u12f5 (Samuel Gobat and Robert Binder) \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1299 \u1260\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12e8\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1321 \u1345\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u127d \u12f0\u130d\u121e Journal of three years stay in Abyssiniya. \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b \u1218\u1345\u1204\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12a8\u1275\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>The Amhara and Tigre independent state are separated partly by the River Tekezze and partly by the lofty mountains of Semin [\u2026] the inhabitants of the Amhara and Tigre are distinguished from each other, not only by different language, but also by a distinct national character (culture, customs, identity, manners ECT. ).\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d\u1361-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u12e8\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1230\u134b\u134a \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12c8\u1295\u12dd \u12a5\u1293 \u1230\u1295\u1230\u1208\u1273\u121b\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1270\u122b\u122b\u12c8\u127d \u1270\u1348\u1325<\/strong><strong>\u122f<\/strong><strong>\u12ca \u12f0\u1295\u1260\u122d \u1206\u1296 \u12ed\u1208\u12eb\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1271 \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u1296\u1229 \u1205\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12e8\u1363 \u1309\u120d\u1205\u1293 \u130d\u120d\u133d \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12e8\u1265\u1204\u122b\u12ca \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1362\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(S.G.\u00a0&amp; R\u00a0(1850) <em><i>Journal of three years stay in Abyssiniya<\/i><\/em>. P.37.)<\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275\u00a0\u12a8\u1275\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u1260\u12a0\u133c \u12ee\u1200\u1295\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12e8<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d \u122c\u12ad\u120b\u1235 <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1260\u12a0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u00a0\u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1348\u1228\u1295\u1233\u12ca \u12e8\u1205\u1265\u1228\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1235 \u120a\u1241 <strong><b>\u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0\u122c\u12ad\u120b\u1235 The Earth and its Inhabitants, Africa: South and east Africa, 1880 \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1203\u134b\u1278\u12cd \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u133c \u12ee\u1200\u1295\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205\u00a0\u1260\u130d\u120d\u1345 \u1230\u1295\u12f0\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>The Amhara government provinces are: Dembia, Chilga, Yantagara, Dagussa, Kuara, Begemidir, Guna, Saint, Wadla, Delanta, Wogera, Simen, Telemit, Armachiho, Tegdie, Qolla Wogera, Waldiba, and Wolkait.<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d<\/strong><strong>\u1361-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u201c\u12e8 \u12d0\u121b\u122b \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12e8\u1206\u1291\u1275\u1366 \u12f0\u121d\u1262\u12eb\u1363 \u132d\u120d\u130b\u1363 \u12eb\u1273\u1293\u130d\u122b\u1363 \u12f3\u1309\u1233\u1363 \u124b\u122b\u1363 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1363 \u1309\u1293\u1363 \u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1275\u1363 \u12cb\u12f5\u120b\u1363 \u12f0\u120b\u1295\u1273\u1363 \u12c8\u1308\u122b\u1363 \u1235\u121c\u1295\u1363 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275\u1363 \u12a0\u122d\u121b\u132d\u1206\u1363 \u1320\u1308\u12f4\u1363 \u1246\u120b \u12c8\u1308\u122b\u1363 \u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263 \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(Elis\u00e9e Reclus ,The Earth and its Inhabitants, Africa: South and east Africa, 1880, p, 443)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120d\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u12e8\u12ee\u1234\u134d<\/strong><strong>\u12a2\u121d\u120a \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u12ee\u1234\u134d \u12a2\u121d\u120a \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1260\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u130e\u1260\u1298\u12cd \u120c\u120b\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u134d\u122c\u1295\u127d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12ca \u00abHistoire politique et religieuse d&#8217;Abyssinie\u00bb\u00a0 \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1295 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u1308\u120d\u133e\u1273\u120d\u1361-<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<strong>Amhara districts that border with the Tigre, beyond the Tekkeze, are: Welkait, Enseeya, and, in front of Adet Plateau, Tsellemt that begins north of the Semein chain of mountains.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d\u1361-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u12e8\u12d0\u121b\u122b \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1206\u1296 \u12a8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u130b\u122d \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12cb\u1235\u1290\u12cd \u12f0\u1295\u1260\u122d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u1232\u12eb \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u12f4\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u1263 \u134a\u1275 \u1208\u134a\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u1230\u1295\u1230\u1208\u1273\u121b\u12c8\u1279 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1270\u122b\u122b \u1218\u1290\u123b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1245\u120d\u1265\u132d \u12eb\u1208 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1230\u1325\u1276 \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad\u00a0\u201c\u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1263\u1275\u1205 \u12a5\u12f0\u122d\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1356\u120a\u1232\u12eb\u1278\u12cd\u00a0\u1260 \u12d0\u121b\u122b\u1293\u00a0\u1260\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u00a0\u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1233\u12eb\u134b\u120d\u1231 \u1260\u1235\u121c\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u12c8\u1308\u122b\u1293 \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u122d \u12d8\u122d\u130d\u1270\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361\u00a0\u12a8\u1260\u121d\u1265\u120e \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 (\u1208\u1228\u1305\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1263\u120b\u1263\u1276\u127d \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u1308\u1265\u122c \u1260\u120d\u1303\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u1260\u120d\u1305 \u120d\u1303\u1278\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u1208\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d\u1293 \u1260\u12f0\u1303\u127d \u12cd\u1264 \u12ed\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262) \u12e8\u122b\u1235 \u12c8\u122c\u129b (\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u1235\u120b\u1234) \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u130d\u12db\u1271\u121d \u12cd\u1264 \u1240\u1218\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1230\u1321\u1275\u1361\u1361\u00a0\u12e8\u12c8\u1308\u122b \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u122b\u1235 \u12c8\u122c\u129b (\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u1235\u120b\u1234) \u120d\u1303\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12f0\u1303\u127d \u1290\u130b\u123d\u1295 \u1232\u123e\u1219\u1275 \u1260\u1264\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u134a\u1273\u12cd\u122b\u122a \u12d8\u12cd\u12f4\u1295 \u1239\u1218\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1983 \u12d3<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u121d<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>.<\/b><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u12a8\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1983 \u12d3.\u121d.\u00a0\u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275\u1364 \u1260\u120d\u1305 \u12a5\u12eb\u1231\u1364 \u1260\u12d8\u12cd\u12f2\u1271\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u120d\u130b \u12c8\u122b\u123d\u00a0\u122b\u1235 \u1270\u1348\u122a \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1320\u1308\u12f4 \u1320\u1208\u121d\u1275\u1293 \u1201\u1218\u122b \u1260\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1235\u122d\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u00a0\u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1305 \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1239\u121e \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u1228\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1208\u12ad\u1275 \u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1260\u134d\u1341\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1323\u120a\u12eb\u1295 \u12c8\u1228\u122b \u12cb\u12dc\u121b \u12a8\u1260\u121d\u1265\u120e \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1270\u12a8\u12dc \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1260\u120b\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229\u1275 \u12f0\u1303\u12dd\u121b\u127d \u12a0\u12eb\u120c\u12cd \u1265\u1229 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u134b\u123d\u1235\u1275 \u1323\u120a\u12eb\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u1260\u12c8\u1228\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 (\u12a81928 -1933) \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229\u1295 \u1260\u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u130d\u12db\u1276\u127d \u12eb\u12cb\u1240\u1228 \u1232\u1206\u1295\u1364 \u12a5\u1290\u1231\u121d \u00a0\u12d0\u121b\u122b\u1363 \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b\u1293 \u1275\u130d\u122c\u1363 \u1210\u1228\u122d\u1363 \u12a6\u122e\u121e\u1363 \u1232\u12f3\u121b\u1363 \u1238\u12cb\u1293 \u1236\u121b\u120c \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/p>\n<p>\u12e8\u1323\u120a\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u122d \u12d8\u122d\u1295\u1293 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 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\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u1208\u1245\u1246 \u1232\u12c8\u1323\u1363 \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12a8\u1235\u12f0\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u1218\u1208\u1231 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12c8\u120d\u1243\u12ed\u1275 \u1260\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12ad\u134d\u1208\u1200\u1308\u122d \u1260\u1235\u121c\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u1308\u122b \u12a0\u12cd\u122b\u1303 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1983 \u12d3\/\u121d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1232\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1246\u12ed\u1277\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n<p>\u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e8 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f3\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12a8\u129e\u127d \u12e8\u1230\u1321\u1275\u1295 \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u12a0\u1265\u1290\u1275 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\u121b\u124b\u124b\u121a\u12eb \u12a0\u12cb\u1305 \u1241\u1325\u122d 7\/1984 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1345 \u1241\u1325\u122d 4 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u201c\u12e8\u1265\u1204\u122d\u1363 \u1265\u1204\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12a9\u1273 \u1308\u1320\u121d \u12a0\u1230\u134b\u1348\u122d \u1208\u1265\u1204\u122b\u12ca \u1218\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u12a0\u12a8\u120b\u1208\u120d \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1345 \u1241\u1325\u122d 3 \u1295\u12d1\u1235 1 \u12a5\u1293 2 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12eb\u1209 64 \u1265\u1204\u122d\u1363 \u1265\u1204\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u126014 \u1265\u1204\u122b\u12ca \u12ad\u120d\u120b\u12ca \u12e8\u123d\u130d\u130d\u122d \u1218\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u122e\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u124b\u124b\u1219 \u12f0\u1295\u130d\u1313\u120d\u1362<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1290\u1308\u122d 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